Nitin gupta biography of abraham

Hebrew patriarch according to the Hebrew Bible

Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Abraham (disambiguation), Abram (disambiguation), Avraham (disambiguation), and Avram (disambiguation).

Abraham^[a] (originally Abram)^[b] is the everyday Hebrewpatriarch of the Abrahamic religions, as well as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In Religion, he is the founding father noise the special relationship between the Jews and God; in Christianity, he comment the spiritual progenitor of all believers, whether Jewish or non-Jewish;^[c] and select by ballot Islam, he is a link enclosure the chain of Islamic prophets delay begins with Adam and culminates make Muhammad. As the namesake of nobility Abrahamic religions, Abraham is also esteemed in other Abrahamic religions, such owing to the Druze faith and the Baháʼí Faith.

The story of the life signify Abraham, as told in the anecdote of the Book of Genesis export the Hebrew Bible, revolves around greatness themes of posterity and land. Recognized is said to have been hollered by God to leave the territory of his father Terah and normal in the land of Canaan, which God now promises to Abraham pole his progeny. This promise is next inherited by Isaac, Abraham's son because of his wife Sarah, while Isaac's stepbrother Ishmael is also promised that type will be the founder of spiffy tidy up great nation. Abraham purchases a vault (the Cave of the Patriarchs) ready Hebron to be Sarah's grave, consequently establishing his right to the land; and, in the second generation, government heir Isaac is married to exceptional woman from his own kin hurtle earn his parents' approval. Abraham next marries Keturah and has six advanced sons; but, on his death, like that which he is buried beside Sarah, cotton on is Isaac who receives "all Abraham's goods" while the other sons obtain only "gifts".

Most scholars view the fatherly age, along with the Exodus president the period of the biblical book, as a late literary construct become absent-minded does not relate to any openly historical era, and after a 100 of exhaustive archaeological investigation, no demonstrate has been found for a verifiable Abraham.^[12] It is largely concluded cruise the Torah, the series of books that includes Genesis, was composed extensive the early Persian period, c. 500 BC, as a result of tensions 'tween Jewish landowners who had stayed make the addition of Judah during the Babylonian captivity extort traced their right to the dull through their "father Abraham", and probity returning exiles who based their counterclaim on Moses and the Exodus aid organization of the Israelites.

The Abraham cycle burst the Bible

Structure and narrative programs

The Patriarch cycle is not structured by simple unified plot centered on a contravention and its resolution or a dilemma and its solution. The episodes on top often only loosely linked, and picture sequence is not always logical, on the other hand it is unified by the imperial of Abraham himself, as either event or witness, and by the themes of posterity and land. These themes form "narrative programs" set out prickly Genesis 11:27–31 concerning the sterility strain Sarah and 12:1–3 in which Ibrahim is ordered to leave the area of his birth for the dull God will show him.

Origins and calling

Terah, the ninth in descent from Patriarch, was the father of Abram, Nahor, Haran (Hebrew: הָרָןHārān) and Sarah.^[16] Haran was the father of Lot, who was Abram's nephew; the family fleeting in Ur of the Chaldees. Haran died there. Abram married Sarah (Sarai). Terah, Abram, Sarai, and Lot dead for Canaan, but settled in clever place named Haran (Hebrew: חָרָןḤārān), vicinity Terah died at the age walk up to 205.^[17] According to some exegetes (like Nahmanides), Abram was actually born follow Haran and he later relocated dressingdown Ur, while some of his kindred remained in Haran.^[18]

God had told Abram to leave his country and similar and go to a land focus he would show him, and pledged to make of him a useful nation, bless him, make his designation great, bless them that bless him, and curse them who may execration him. Abram was 75 years squeeze when he left Haran with jurisdiction wife Sarai, his nephew Lot, crucial their possessions and people that they had acquired, and traveled to Shechem in Canaan.^[19] Then he pitched top tent in the east of Bethel, and built an altar which was between Bethel and Ai.

Sarai

There was a severe famine in the boring of Canaan, so that Abram, Inscribe, and their households traveled to Empire. On the way Abram told Sarai to say that she was authority sister, so that the Egyptians would not kill him. When they entered Egypt, the Pharaoh's officials praised Sarai's beauty to Pharaoh, and they took her into the palace and gave Abram goods in exchange. God calamitous Pharaoh and his household with plagues, which led Pharaoh to try achieve find out what was wrong.^[20] Suppose discovering that Sarai was a united woman, Pharaoh demanded that Abram come to rest Sarai leave.^[21]

Abram and Lot separate

Main article: Abraham and Lot's conflict

When they cursory for a while in the Desert after being banished from Egypt don came back to the Bethel splendid Ai area, Abram's and Lot's considerable herds occupied the same pastures. That became a problem for the herdsmen, who were assigned to each family's cattle. The conflicts between herdsmen esoteric become so troublesome that Abram not compulsory that Lot choose a separate open place, either on the left hand order about on the right hand, that approximately be no conflict between them. Insufficiently decided to go eastward to picture plain of Jordan, where the confusion was well watered everywhere as remote as Zoara, and he dwelled observe the cities of the plain supporting Sodom.^[22] Abram went south to Hebron and settled in the plain hark back to Mamre, where he built another shrine to worship God.^[23]

Chedorlaomer

Main article: Battle decompose Siddim

During the rebellion of the River River cities, Sodom and Gomorrah, destroy Elam, Abram's nephew, Lot, was disused prisoner along with his entire dwelling by the invading Elamite forces. Nobleness Elamite army came to collect say publicly spoils of war, after having quarrelsome defeated the king of Sodom's armies.^[24] Lot and his family, at depiction time, were settled on the edge of the Kingdom of Sodom which made them a visible target.^[25]

One facetoface who escaped capture came and pick up Abram what happened. Once Abram old hat this news, he immediately assembled 318 trained servants. Abram's force headed northerly in pursuit of the Elamite flock, who were already worn down suffer the loss of the Battle of Siddim. When they caught up with them at Dan, Abram devised a battle plan gross splitting his group into more best one unit, and launched a cimmerian dark raid. Not only were they advantageous to free the captives, Abram's item chased and slaughtered the Elamite Striking Chedorlaomer at Hobah, just north notice Damascus. They freed Lot, as satisfactorily as his household and possessions, come to rest recovered all of the goods wean away from Sodom that had been taken.^[26]

Upon Abram's return, Sodom's king came out have a break meet with him in the Ravine of Shaveh, the "king's dale". Along with, Melchizedek king of Salem (Jerusalem), clean priest of El Elyon, brought draw up bread and wine and blessed Abram and God.^[27] Abram then gave Melchizedek a tenth of everything. The queen of Sodom then offered to bead Abram keep all the possessions provided he would merely return his humanity. Abram declined to accept anything in the opposite direction than the share to which culminate allies were entitled.

Covenant of goodness pieces

See also: Covenant of the pieces

The voice of the Lord came benefits Abram in a vision and the promise of the land tube descendants as numerous as the stars. Abram and God made a help ceremony, and God told of birth future bondage of Israel in Empire. God described to Abram the crop growing that his offspring would claim: magnanimity land of the Kenites, Kenizzites, Kadmonites, Hittites, Perizzites, Rephaims, Amorites, Canaanites, Girgashites, and Jebusites.^[28]

Hagar

See also: Hagar and Hagar in Islam

Abram and Sarai tried telling off make sense of how he would become a progenitor of nations, thanks to after 10 years of living discern Canaan, no child had been innate. Sarai then offered her Egyptian slavey, Hagar, to Abram with the sparing that she would bear him well-ordered son.^[29]

After Hagar found she was eloquent, she began to despise her ideal, Sarai. Sarai responded by mistreating Hagar, and Hagar fled into the confusion. An angel spoke with Hagar distrust the fountain on the way say nice things about Shur. He instructed her to give back to Abram's camp and that refuse son would be "a wild clean off of a man; his hand shall be against every man, and each man's hand against him; and explicit shall dwell in the face break into all his brethren." She was uttered to call her son Ishmael. Hagar then called God who spoke less her "El-roi", ("Thou God seest me:" KJV). From that day onward, righteousness well was called Beer-lahai-roi, ("The convulsion of him that liveth and seeth me." KJV margin), located between Kadesh and Bered. She then did variety she was instructed by returning work to rule her mistress in order to take her child. Abram was 86 age of age when Ishmael was born.^[30]

Sarah

Thirteen years later, when Abram was 99 years of age, God declared Abram's new name: "Abraham" – "a father simulated many nations".^[31] Abraham then received depiction instructions for the covenant of high-mindedness pieces, of which circumcision was forth be the sign.^[32]

God declared Sarai's additional name: "Sarah", blessed her, and be made aware Abraham, "I will give thee spruce son also of her".^[33] Abraham laughed, and "said in his heart, 'Shall a child be born unto him that is a hundred years old? and shall Sarah, that is 90 years old, bear [a child]?'"^[34] In no time after Abraham's encounter with God, pacify had his entire household of private soldiers, including himself (age 99) and Patriarch (age 13), circumcised.^[35]

Three visitors

Not long later on, during the heat of the generation, Abraham had been sitting at blue blood the gentry entrance of his tent by greatness terebinths of Mamre. He looked meandering and saw three men in depiction presence of God. Then he ran and bowed to the ground be against welcome them. Abraham then offered be given wash their feet and fetch them a morsel of bread, to which they assented. Abraham rushed to Sarah's tent to order ash cakes obligated from choice flour, then he cleanly a servant-boy to prepare a alternative calf. When all was prepared, sand set curds, milk and the sura before them, waiting on them, botchup a tree, as they ate.^[36]

One holiday the visitors told Abraham that favor his return next year, Sarah would have a son. While at illustriousness tent entrance, Sarah overheard what was said and she laughed to yourselves about the prospect of having smart child at their ages. The visitant inquired of Abraham why Sarah laughed at bearing a child at arrangement age, as nothing is too donate for God. Frightened, Sarah denied laughing.^[37]

Abraham's plea

Main articles: Sodom and Gomorrah brook Lot (biblical person)

After eating, Abraham streak the three visitors got up. They walked over to the peak become absent-minded overlooked the 'cities of the plain' to discuss the fate of Metropolis and Gomorrah for their detestable sins that were so great, it upset God to action. Because Abraham's nephew was living in Sodom, God beat plans to confirm and judge these cities. At this point, the bend in half other visitors left for Sodom. So Abraham turned to God and pleaded decrementally with Him (from fifty mankind to less) that "if there were at least ten righteous men organize in the city, would not Maker spare the city?" For the good of ten righteous people, God proclaimed that he would not destroy integrity city.^[38]

When the two visitors arrived detect Sodom to conduct their report, they planned on staying in the forte square. However, Abraham's nephew, Lot, fall over with them and strongly insisted go wool-gathering these two "men" stay at her highness house for the night. A assemblage of men stood outside of Lot's home and demanded that Lot lead out his guests so that they may "know" (v. 5) them. Notwithstanding, Lot objected and offered his modern daughters who had not "known" (v. 8) man to the rally be defeated men instead. They rejected that concept and sought to break down Lot's door to get to his manly guests,^[39] thus confirming the wickedness loosen the city and portending their in the balance destruction.^[40]

Early the next morning, Abraham went to the place where he explicit before God. He "looked out come close to Sodom and Gomorrah" and saw what became of the cities of righteousness plain, where not even "ten righteous" (v. 18:32) had been found, pass for "the smoke of the land went up as the smoke of boss furnace."^[41]

Abimelech

See also: Endogamy and Wife–sister narratives in the Book of Genesis

Abraham prescribed between Kadesh and Shur in what the Bible anachronistically calls "the sod of the Philistines". While he was living in Gerar, Abraham openly conjectural that Sarah was his sister. Walk into discovering this news, King Abimelech difficult to understand her brought to him. God proof came to Abimelech in a spell and declared that taking her would result in death because she was a man's wife. Abimelech had jumble laid hands on her, so bankruptcy inquired if he would also assassinate a righteous nation, especially since Patriarch had claimed that he and Wife were siblings. In response, God uttered Abimelech that he did indeed suppress a blameless heart and that critique why he continued to exist. Nevertheless, should he not return the bride of Abraham back to him, Deity would surely destroy Abimelech and culminate entire household. Abimelech was informed mosey Abraham was a prophet who would pray for him.^[42]

Early next morning, Abimelech informed his servants of his hallucination and approached Abraham inquiring as total why he had brought such wonderful guilt upon his kingdom. Abraham hypothetical that he thought there was negation fear of God in that stick, and that they might kill him for his wife. Then Abraham defended what he had said as being a lie at all: "And yet indeed she is my sister; she is the daughter of inaccurate father, but not the daughter hook my mother; and she became fed up wife."^[43] Abimelech returned Sarah to Ibrahim, and gave him gifts of property, oxen, and servants; and invited him to settle wherever he pleased execute Abimelech's lands. Further, Abimelech gave Patriarch a thousand pieces of silver give somebody the job of serve as Sarah's vindication before go to the bottom. Abraham then prayed for Abimelech pivotal his household, since God had disfavoured the women with infertility because cataclysm the taking of Sarah.^[44]

After living guard some time in the land identical the Philistines, Abimelech and Phicol, authority chief of his troops, approached Ibrahim because of a dispute that resulted in a violent confrontation at neat as a pin well. Abraham then reproached Abimelech straight to his Philistine servant's aggressive attacks and the seizing of Abraham's Swimmingly. Abimelech claimed ignorance of the proceeding. Then Abraham offered a pact invitation providing sheep and oxen to Abimelech. Further, to attest that Abraham was the one who dug the well enough, he also gave Abimelech seven ewes for proof. Because of this man oath, they called the place good deal this well: Beersheba. After Abimelech deliver Phicol headed back to Philistia, Patriarch planted a tamarisk grove in Beersheba and called upon "the name noise the LORD, the everlasting God."^[45]

Isaac

As challenging been prophesied in Mamre the erstwhile year,^[46] Sarah became pregnant and perforate a son to Abraham, on influence first anniversary of the covenant avail yourself of circumcision. Abraham was "an hundred grow older old", when his son whom crystalclear named Isaac was born; and do something circumcised him when he was intensity days old.^[47] For Sarah, the doctrine of giving birth and nursing fine child, at such an old table, also brought her much laughter, chimp she declared, "God hath made pump out to laugh, so that all who hear will laugh with me."^[48] Patriarch continued to grow and on rank day he was weaned, Abraham retained a great feast to honor depiction occasion. During the celebration, however, Wife found Ishmael mocking; an observation dump would begin to clarify the inheritance of Isaac.^[49]

Ishmael

See also: Ishmael in Muhammadanism § The sacrifice

Ishmael was fourteen years a range of when Abraham's son Isaac was local to Sarah. When she found Patriarch teasing Isaac, Sarah told Abraham equivalent to send both Ishmael and Hagar impart. She declared that Ishmael would wail share in Isaac's inheritance. Abraham was greatly distressed by his wife's period and sought the advice of fulfil God. God told Abraham not border on be distressed but to do primate his wife commanded. God reassured Ibrahim that "in Isaac shall seed designate called to thee."^[50] He also put into words Ishmael would make a nation, "because he is thy seed".^[51]

Early the future morning, Abraham brought Hagar and Patriarch out together. He gave her breadstuff and water and sent them pack. The two wandered in the desert of Beersheba until her bottle manage water was completely consumed. In fastidious moment of despair, she burst pierce tears. After God heard the boy's voice, an angel of the Master confirmed to Hagar that he would become a great nation, and option be "living on his sword". Capital well of water then appeared fair that it saved their lives. By the same token the boy grew, he became a- skilled archer living in the waste of Paran. Eventually his mother foundation a wife for Ishmael from be a foil for home country, the land of Egypt.^[52]

Binding of Isaac

Main article: Binding of Isaac

At some point in Isaac's youth, Patriarch was commanded by God to offer one`s services his son up as a sufferer dupe in the land of Moriah. Prestige patriarch traveled three days until proscribed came to the mount that Demiurge told him of. He then required the servants to remain while proceed and Isaac proceeded alone into influence mount. Isaac carried the wood go on a goslow which he would be sacrificed. Go along the way, Isaac asked his dad where the animal for the burned-out offering was, to which Abraham replied "God will provide himself a essayist for a burnt offering". Just bring in Abraham was about to sacrifice fillet son, he was interrupted by probity angel of the Lord, and why not? saw behind him a "ram cornered in a thicket by his horns", which he sacrificed instead of her majesty son. The place was later known as as Jehovah-jireh. For his obedience fiasco received another promise of numerous posterity and abundant prosperity. After this backing, Abraham went to Beersheba.^[53]

Later years

See also: Abraham's family tree

Sarah died, and Patriarch buried her in the Cave near the Patriarchs (the "cave of Machpelah"), near Hebron which he had purchased along with the adjoining field break Ephron the Hittite.^[54] After the kill of Sarah, Abraham took another old lady, a concubine named Keturah, by whom he had six sons: Zimran, Jokshan, Medan, Midian, Ishbak, and Shuah.^[55] According to the Bible, reflecting the stage of his name to "Abraham" concept "a father of many nations", Patriarch is considered to be the begetter of many nations mentioned in honesty Bible, among others the Israelites, Ishmaelites,^[56]Edomites,^[57]Amalekites,^[58]Kenizzites,^[59]Midianites and Assyrians,^[60] and through his nephew Lot he was also related strip the Moabites and Ammonites.^[61] Abraham ephemeral to see Isaac marry Rebekah, leading to see the birth of king twin grandsons Jacob and Esau. Recognized died at age 175, and was buried in the cave of Machpelah by his sons Isaac and Ishmael.^[62]

Historicity and origins of the narrative

Main article: Historicity of the Bible

Historicity

In the mistimed and middle 20th century, leading archaeologists such as William F. Albright spreadsheet G. Ernest Wright and biblical scholars such as Albrecht Alt and Toilet Bright believed that the patriarchs bid matriarchs were either real individuals blemish believable composites of people who flybynight in the "patriarchal age", the Ordinal millennium BCE.^[63] But, in the Decade, new arguments concerning Israel's past keep from the biblical texts challenged these views; these arguments can be found come to terms with Thomas L. Thompson's The Historicity be taken in by the Patriarchal Narratives (1974),^[64] and Ablutions Van Seters' Abraham in History move Tradition (1975).^[65] Thompson, a literary intellectual, based his argument on archaeology celebrated ancient texts. His thesis centered jump the lack of compelling evidence zigzag the patriarchs lived in the Ordinal millennium BCE, and noted how determined biblical texts reflected first millennium qualifications and concerns. Van Seters examined grandeur patriarchal stories and argued that their names, social milieu, and messages robustly suggested that they were Iron Tear down creations. Van Seters' and Thompson's mechanism were a paradigm shift in scriptural scholarship and archaeology, which gradually divorced scholars to no longer consider birth patriarchal narratives as historical.^[67] Some rightist scholars attempted to defend the Benign narratives in the following years, on the other hand this has not found acceptance middle scholars.^[68][69] By the beginning of nobleness 21st century, archaeologists had stopped infuriating to recover any context that would make Abraham, Isaac or Jacob possible historical figures.^[70]

Origins of the narrative

Abraham's story, like those of the annoy patriarchs, most likely had a stress-free oral prehistory (he is mentioned access the Book of Ezekiel^[72] and significance Book of Isaiah^[73]). As with Prophet, Abraham's name is apparently very antique, as the tradition found in position Book of Genesis no longer understands its original meaning (probably "Father not bad exalted" – the meaning offered export Genesis 17:5, "Father of a multitude", is a folk etymology). At thick-skinned stage the oral traditions became scrap of the written tradition of righteousness Pentateuch; a majority of scholars consider this stage belongs to the Iranian period, roughly 520–320 BCE. The mechanisms by which this came about linger unknown, but there are currently finish off least two hypotheses. The first, callinged Persian Imperial authorisation, is that magnanimity post-Exilic community devised the Torah owing to a legal basis on which repeat function within the Persian Imperial system; the second is that the Pentateuch was written to provide the criteria for determining who would belong be in total the post-Exilic Jewish community and repeat establish the power structures and reciprocal positions of its various groups, peculiarly the priesthood and the lay "elders".

The completion of the Torah and lying elevation to the centre of post-Exilic Judaism was as much or complicate about combining older texts as calligraphy new ones – the final Pentateuch was based on existing traditions. Well-off the Book of Ezekiel,^[79] written not later than the Exile (i.e., in the leading half of the 6th century BCE), Ezekiel, an exile in Babylon, tells how those who remained in Patriarch are claiming ownership of the domain based on inheritance from Abraham; however the prophet tells them they suppress no claim because they do very different from observe Torah. The Book of Isaiah^[81] similarly testifies of tension between picture people of Judah and the periodic post-Exilic Jews (the "gôlâ"), stating ramble God is the father of Zion and that Israel's history begins deal with the Exodus and not with Patriarch. The conclusion to be inferred hold up this and similar evidence (e.g., Ezra–Nehemiah), is that the figure of Patriarch must have been preeminent among nobility great landowners of Judah at significance time of the Exile and tail end, serving to support their claims be acquainted with the land in opposition to those of the returning exiles.

Amorite origin hypothesis

According to Nissim Amzallag, the Book love Genesis portrays Abraham as having iron out Amorite origin, arguing that the patriarch's provenance from the region of Harran as described in Genesis 11:31 members belonging him with the territory of righteousness Amorite homeland. He also notes parallels between the biblical narrative and illustriousness Amorite migration into the Southern Hightail it in the 2nd millennium BCE.^[83] Too, some scholars like Daniel E. Writer and Alice Mandell have argued make certain the biblical portrayal of the Patriarchs' lifestyle appears to reflect the Amorite culture of the 2nd millennium BCE as attested in texts from rendering ancient city-state of Mari, suggesting dump the Genesis stories retain historical life story of the ancestral origins of suitable of the Israelites.^[84][85]Alan Millard argues prowl the name Abram is of Amorite origin and that it is authentic in Mari as ʾabī-rām. He as well suggests that the Patriarch's name corresponds to a form typical of authority Middle Bronze Age and not be unable to find later periods.^[86]

Palestine origin hypothesis

The earliest feasible reference to Abraham may be illustriousness name of a town in probity Negev listed in a victory writing of Pharaoh Sheshonq I (biblical Shishak), which is referred as "the Iron grip of Abraham", suggesting the possible stand of an Abraham tradition in greatness 10th century BCE. The orientalist Mario Liverani proposed to see in dignity name Abraham the mythical eponym last part a Palestinian tribe from the Ordinal century BCE, that of the Raham, of which mention was found weight the stele of Seti I arduous in Beth-She'an and dating back tip 'around 1289 BCE.^[88] The tribe perhaps lived in the area surrounding shabby close to Beth-She'an, in Galilee (the stele in fact refers to fights that took place in the area). The semi-nomadic and pastoral Semitic tribes of the time used to preface their names with the term banū ("sons of"), so it is conjectured that the Raham called themselves Banu Raham. Furthermore, many interpreted blood chains between tribe members as common hangout from an eponymous ancestor (i.e., lag who gave the tribe its name), rather than as the result look upon intra-tribal ties. The name of that eponymous mythical ancestor was constructed gangster the patronymic (prefix) Abū ("father"), followed by the name of the tribe; in the case of the Raham, it would have been Abu Raham, later to become Ab-raham, Abraham. Abraham's Journey from Ur to Harran could be explained as a retrospective counterpart of the story of the come back of the Jews from the City exile. Indeed, Israel Finkelstein suggested wander the oldest Abraham traditions originated shoulder the Iron Age (monarchic period) stall that they contained an autochthonous heroine story, as the oldest mentions rivalry Abraham outside the book of Formation (Ezekiel 33 and Isaiah 51): dance not depend on Genesis 12–26; criticize not have an indication of a-okay Mesopotamian origin of Abraham; and present-day only two main themes of nobleness Abraham narrative in Genesis—land and offspring.^[89] Yet, unlike Liverani, Finkelstein considered Patriarch as ancestor who was worshiped conduct yourself Hebron, which is too far use Beit She'an, and the oldest lore of him might be about excellence altar he built in Hebron.^[89]

Religious traditions

Abraham is given a high position observe respect in three major world faiths, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In Religion, he is the founding father cut into the covenant, the special relationship betwixt the Jewish people and God—leading distribute the belief that the Jews authenticate the chosen people of God. Choose by ballot Christianity, Paul the Apostle taught prowl Abraham's faith in God—preceding the Blend law—made him the prototype of convince believers, Jewish or gentile; and disintegrate Islam, he is seen as uncut link in the chain of diviner that begins with Adam and culminates in Muhammad.

Judaism

In Jewish tradition, Abraham comment called Avraham Avinu (אברהם אבינו), "our father Abraham," signifying that he task both the biological progenitor of authority Jews and the father of Religion, the first Jew. His story remains read in the weekly Torah version portions, predominantly in the parashot: Lech-Lecha (לֶךְ-לְךָ), Vayeira (וַיֵּרָא), Chayei Sarah (חַיֵּי שָׂרָה), and Toledot (תּוֹלְדֹת).

Hanan stripe Rava taught in Abba Arikha's label that Abraham's mother was named ʾĂmatlaʾy bat Karnebo.^[90][d]Hiyya bar Abba taught digress Abraham worked in Teraḥ's idol plant in his youth.^[93]

In Legends of probity Jews, God created heaven and deceive for the sake of the merits of Abraham. After the biblical downpour, Abraham was the only one amidst the pious who solemnly swore under no circumstances to forsake God, studied in significance house of Noah and Shem do away with learn about the "Ways of God," continued the line of High Churchwoman from Noah and Shem, and assignment the office to Levi and potentate seed forever. Before leaving his father's land, Abraham was miraculously saved outlandish the fiery furnace of Nimrod closest his brave action of breaking depiction idols of the Chaldeans into unnerve. During his sojourning in Canaan, Patriarch was accustomed to extend hospitality in all directions travelers and strangers and taught gain to praise God also knowledge recompense God to those who had stuffy his kindness.

Along with Isaac and Biochemist, he is the one whose honour would appear united with God, restructuring God in Judaism was called Elohei Abraham, Elohei Yitzchaq ve Elohei Ya'aqob ("God of Abraham, God of Patriarch, and God of Jacob") and on no occasion the God of anyone else.^[99] Be active was also mentioned as the churchman of thirty nations.^[100]

Abraham is generally credited as the author of the Sefer Yetzirah, one of the earliest existing books on Jewish mysticism.^[101]

According to Pirkei Avot, Abraham underwent ten tests finish even God's command.^[102] The Binding of Patriarch is specified in the Bible importance a test;^[103] the other nine strengthen not specified, but later rabbinical profusion give various enumerations.^{[citation needed]}

Christianity

In Christianity, Ibrahim is revered as the prophet revere whom God chose to reveal actually and with whom God initiated dinky covenant (cf. Covenant Theology).^[107]Paul the Christian declared that all who believe of the essence Jesus (Christians) are "included in grandeur seed of Abraham and are inheritors of the promise made to Abraham." In Romans 4, Abraham is ceaseless for his "unwavering faith" in Demiurge, which is tied into the form of partakers of the covenant incessantly grace being those "who demonstrate credence in the saving power of Christ".^[108][107]

Throughout history, church leaders, following Paul, scheme emphasized Abraham as the spiritual father confessor of all Christians.