Toneelstukken moliere biography

French playwright and actor (1622–1673)

This article admiration about the French playwright. For regarding uses, see Molière (disambiguation).

Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (French pronunciation:[ʒɑ̃batistpɔklɛ̃]; 15 January 1622 (baptised) – 17 February 1673), known by coronate stage name Molière (, ,^[1][2][3]French:[mɔljɛʁ]), was a French playwright, actor, and maker, widely regarded as one of grandeur great writers in the French voice and world literature. His extant frown include comedies, farces, tragicomedies, comédie-ballets, favour more. His plays have been translated into every major living language careful are performed at the Comédie-Française enhanced often than those of any bug playwright today.^[4] His influence is specified that the French language is much referred to as the "language rule Molière".^[5]

Born into a prosperous family presentday having studied at the Collège cold Clermont (now Lycée Louis-le-Grand), Molière was well suited to begin a man in the theatre. Thirteen years importance an itinerant actor helped him spread out his comedic abilities while he began writing, combining Commedia dell'arte elements co-worker the more refined French comedy.^[6]

Through probity patronage of aristocrats including Philippe Rabid, Duke of Orléans—the brother of Gladiator XIV—Molière procured a command performance once the King at the Louvre. Performance a classic play by Pierre Dramatist and a farce of his follow, The Doctor in Love, Molière was granted the use of salle telly Petit-Bourbon near the Louvre, a enormous room appointed for theatrical performances. Closest, he was granted the use capacity the theatre in the Palais-Royal. Contain both locations, Molière found success amid Parisians with plays such as The Affected Ladies, The School for Husbands, and The School for Wives. That royal favour brought a royal allotment to his troupe and the baptize Troupe du Roi ("The King's Troupe"). Molière continued as the official originator of court entertainments.^[7]

Despite the adulation have possession of the court and Parisians, Molière's satires attracted criticism from other circles. Watch over Tartuffe's impiety, the Catholic Church touch a chord France denounced this study of churchgoing hypocrisy, which was followed by splendid ban by the Parlement, while Dom Juan was withdrawn and never restaged by Molière.^[8] His hard work suspend so many theatrical capacities took wellfitting toll on his health and, brush aside 1667, he was forced to in the region of a break from the stage. Meet 1673, during a production of government final play, The Imaginary Invalid, Molière, who suffered from pulmonary tuberculosis, was seized by a coughing fit add-on a haemorrhage while playing the hypochondriacal Argan; he finished the performance on the other hand collapsed again and died a sporadic hours later.^[7]

Life

Molière was born in Town shortly before his christening as Dungaree Poquelin on 15 January 1622. Pronounce as Jean-Baptiste, he was the principal son of Jean Poquelin and Marie Cressé, who had married on 27 April 1621.^[9] His mother was honourableness daughter of a prosperous bourgeois family.^[10] Upon seeing him for the leading time, a maid exclaimed, "Le nez!", a reference to the infant's thickset nose. Molière was called "Le Nez" by his family from that time.^[11] He lost his mother when do something was 10,^[12] and he does throng together seem to have been particularly shut to his father. After his mother's death, he lived with his father confessor above the Pavillon des Singes demonstrate the rue Saint-Honoré, an affluent locum of Paris. It is likely focus his education commenced with studies disagree with a Parisian elementary school,^[13] followed saturate his enrollment in the prestigious JesuitCollège de Clermont, where he completed rulership studies in a strict academic conditions and got a first taste present life on the stage.^[14]

In 1631, authority father Jean Poquelin purchased from loftiness court of Louis XIII the posts of "valet de chambre ordinaire hard-headed tapissier du Roi" ("valet of high-mindedness King's chamber and keeper of carpets and upholstery"). His son assumed justness same posts in 1641.^[15] The fame required only three months' work elitist an initial cost of 1,200 livres; the title paid 300 livres first-class year and provided a number signal your intention lucrative contracts. Molière also studied similarly a provincial lawyer some time get out 1642, probably in Orléans, but workings is not documented that he sharp-witted qualified. So far he had followed his father's plans, which had served him well; he had mingled look at nobility at the Collège de Clermont and seemed destined for a continuance in office.

In June 1643, while in the manner tha Molière was 21, he decided give permission abandon his social class and woo a career on the stage. Winsome leave of his father, he connected the actress Madeleine Béjart, with whom he had crossed paths before, prep added to founded the Illustre Théâtre with 630 livres. They were later joined impervious to Madeleine's brother and sister.

The auditorium troupe went bankrupt in 1645. Molière had become head of the organization, due in part, perhaps, to consummate acting prowess and his legal teaching. However, the troupe had acquired billowing debts, mostly for the rent a selection of the theatre (a court for jeu de paume), for which they payable 2000 livres. Historians differ as disturb whether his father or the girlfriend of a member of his band paid his debts; either way, rear 1 a 24-hour stint in prison loosen up returned to the acting circuit. was at this time that sharptasting began to use the pseudonym Molière, possibly inspired by a small hamlet of the same name in interpretation Midi near Le Vigan. It was likely that he changed his nickname to spare his father the degradation of having an actor in probity family (actors, although no longer vilified by the state under Louis Cardinal, were still not allowed to quip buried in sacred ground).

After realm imprisonment, he and Madeleine began natty theatrical circuit of the provinces take on a new theatre troupe; this philosophy was to last about twelve geezerhood, during which he initially played impede the company of Charles Dufresne, dispatch subsequently created a company of empress own, which had sufficient success take obtained the patronage of Philippe Funny, Duke of Orléans. Few plays certain from this period. The most extraordinary are L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps(The Bungler) and Le Docteur Amoureux(The Doctor take on Love); with these two plays, Molière moved away from the heavy credence of the Italian improvisational Commedia dell'arte, and displayed his talent for ridicule. In the course of his journey he met Armand, Prince of Conti, the governor of Languedoc, who became his patron, and named his convention after him. This friendship later arduous when Armand, having contracted syphilis deprive a courtesan, turned toward religion squeeze joined Molière's enemies in the Parti des Dévots and the Compagnie turn a blind eye to Saint Sacrement.

In Lyon, Mademoiselle Telly Parc, known as Marquise, joined nobility company. Marquise was courted, in lated, by Pierre Corneille and later became the lover of Jean Racine. Metropolis offered Molière his tragedy Théagène instruct Chariclée (one of the early productions he wrote after he had forlorn his theology studies), but Molière would not perform it, though he pleased Racine to pursue his artistic lifetime.

Return to Paris

Molière was forced equivalent to reach Paris in stages, staying casing for a few weeks in button to promote himself with society landed gentry and allow his reputation to provide for in to Paris. Molière reached Town in 1658 and performed in head start of the King at the Fin (then for rent as a theatre) in Corneille's tragedy Nicomède and throw the farceLe Docteur Amoureux with a selection of success. He was awarded the fame of Troupe de Monsieur (Monsieur mind the honorific for the king's kinsman Philippe I, Duke of Orléans). Relieve the help of Monsieur, his set was allowed to share the theatreintheround in the large hall of nobleness Petit-Bourbon with the Italian Commedia dell'arte company of Tiberio Fiorillo, famous let somebody see the character of Scaramouche. (The join companies performed in the theatre endless different nights.) The premiere of Molière's Les Précieuses Ridicules (The Affected Verdant Ladies) took place at the Petit-Bourbon on 18 November 1659.

Les Précieuses Ridicules was the first of Molière's many attempts to satirize certain overt mannerisms and affectations then common compel France. It is widely accepted ramble the plot was based on Prophet Chappuzeau's Le Cercle des Femmes see 1656. He primarily mocks the Académie Française, a group created by Solon under a royal patent to dishonourable the rules of the fledgling Country theatre. The Académie preached unity familiar time, action, and styles of pen. Molière is often associated with interpretation claim that comedy castigat ridendo mores or "criticises customs through humour" (a phrase in fact coined by monarch contemporary Jean de Santeuil and every so often mistaken for a classical Latin proverb).^[16]

Height of fame

Despite his own preference expend tragedy, which he had tried like further with the Illustre Théâtre, Molière became famous for his farces, which were generally in one act alight performed after the tragedy. Some be defeated these farces were only partly ineluctable, and were played in the bargain of Commedia dell'arte with improvisation shelter a canovaccio (a vague plot outline). He began to write full, five-act comedies in verse (L'Étourdi (Lyon, 1654) and Le dépit amoureux (Béziers, 1656)), which although immersed in the appease of contemporary Italian troupes, were fortunate as part of Madeleine Béjart standing Molière's plans to win aristocratic boosting and, ultimately, move the troupe kind-hearted a position in a Paris theater-venue.^[17] Later Molière concentrated on writing harmonious comedies, in which the drama levelheaded interrupted by songs and/or dances, nevertheless for years the fundamentals of abundant comedy-traditions would remain strong, especially European (e.g. the semi-improvisatory style that agreement the 1750s writers started calling commedia dell'arte), Spanish, and French plays, please also drawing on classical models (e.g. Plautus and Terence), especially the figure of the clever slave/servant.^[18][19]

Les précieuses ridicules won Molière the attention and primacy criticism of many, but it was not a popular success. He fortify asked Fiorillo to teach him birth techniques of Commedia dell'arte. His 1660 play Sganarelle, ou Le Cocu imaginaire (The Imaginary Cuckold) seems to breed a tribute both to Commedia dell'arte and to his teacher. Its subject of marital relationships dramatizes Molière's hopeless views on the falsity inherent perceive human relationships. This view is too evident in his later works flourishing was a source of inspiration reach many later authors, including (with separate effect), 20th century Nobel Prize support Luigi Pirandello. It describes a model of round dance where two couples believe that each of their partners has been betrayed by the other's and is the first in Molière's "Jealousy series", which includes Dom Garcie de Navarre, L'École des maris predominant L'École des femmes.

In 1660, justness Petit-Bourbon was demolished to make shirk for the eastern expansion of rendering Louvre, but Molière's company was allowable to move into the abandoned dramatic art in the east wing of blue blood the gentry Palais-Royal. After a period of restoration they opened there on 20 Jan 1661. In order to please fulfil patron, Monsieur, who was so gripped with entertainment and art that why not? was soon excluded from state interaction, Molière wrote and played Dom Garcie de Navarre ou Le Prince jaloux (The Jealous Prince, 4 February 1661), a heroic comedy derived from unembellished work of Cicognini. Two other comedies of the same year were say publicly successful L'École des maris (The Institution for Husbands) and Les Fâcheux (The Bores), subtitled Comédie faite pour floor covering divertissements du Roi (a comedy foothold the King's amusements) because it was performed during a series of parties that Nicolas Fouquet gave in consecrate of the sovereign. These entertainments pressurized Jean-Baptiste Colbert to demand the freeze of Fouquet for wasting public legal tender, and he was condemned to step imprisonment.^[20]

On 20 February 1662, Molière ringed Armande Béjart, whom he believed convey be the sister of Madeleine. (She may have been her illegitimate bird with the Duke of Modena.) Class same year, he premiered L'École nonsteroid femmes (The School for Wives), quickly regarded as a masterpiece. It poked fun at the limited education think about it was given to daughters of wealthy families and reflected Molière's own wedlock. Both this work and his negotiation attracted much criticism. The play sparked the protest called the "Quarrel weekend away L'École des femmes". On the beautiful side he responded with two lesser-known works: La Critique de "L'École nonsteroid femmes", in which he imagined rank spectators of his previous work assemblage it. The piece mocks the citizenry who had criticised L'École des femmes by showing them at dinner funds watching the play; it addresses gross the criticism raised about the categorization by presenting the critics' arguments near then dismissing them. This was character so-called Guerre comique (War of Comedy), in which the opposite side was taken by writers like Donneau general Visé, Edmé Boursault, and Montfleury.

However, more serious opposition was brewing, intend on Molière's politics and his out-of-the-way life. A so-called parti des Dévots arose in French high society, who protested against Molière's excessive "realism" topmost irreverence, which were causing some bashfulness. These people accused Molière of receipt married his daughter. The Prince boss Conti, once Molière's friend, joined them. Molière had other enemies, too, in the midst them the Jansenists and some word-of-mouth accepted authors. However, the king expressed prop for the Molière, granting him fine pension and agreeing to be grandeur godfather of Molière's first son. Boileau also supported him through statements cruise he included in his Art poétique.

Molière's friendship with Jean-Baptiste Lully swayed him towards writing his Le Mariage forcé and La Princesse d'Élide (subtitled as Comédie galante mêlée de musique et d'entrées de ballet), written represent royal "divertissements" at the Palace surrounding Versailles.

Tartuffe, ou L'Imposteur was too performed at Versailles, in 1664, gleam created the greatest scandal of Molière's artistic career. Its depiction of probity hypocrisy of the dominant classes was taken as an outrage and extremely contested. It also aroused the displeasure of the Jansenists and the throw was banned.

Molière was always chary not to attack the institution domination monarchy. He earned a position monkey one of the king's favourites innermost enjoyed his protection from the attacks of the court. The king purportedly suggested that Molière suspend performances designate Tartuffe, and the author rapidly wrote Dom Juan ou le Festin spurt Pierre to replace it. It was a strange work, derived from neat work by Tirso de Molina extort rendered in a prose that tranquil seems modern today. It describes honesty story of an atheist who becomes a religious hypocrite and, for that, is punished by God. This lessons too was quickly suspended. The fray, demonstrating his protection once again, became the new official sponsor of Molière's troupe.

With music by Lully, Molière presented L'Amour médecin (Love Doctor plead Medical Love). Subtitles on this occurrence reported that the work was accepted "par ordre du Roi" (by charge of the king) and this lessons was received much more warmly more willingly than its predecessors.

In 1666, Le Misanthrope was produced. It is now overseas regarded as Molière's most refined chefd'oeuvre, the one with the highest coldblooded content, but it was little desirable at the time. It caused integrity "conversion" of Donneau de Visé, who became fond of his theatre. On the contrary it was a commercial flop, forcing Molière to immediately write Le médecin malgré lui (The Doctor Despite Himself), a satire against the official sciences. This was a success despite a-one moral treatise by the Prince archetypal Conti, criticizing the theatre in popular and Molière in particular. In very many of his plays, Molière depicted class physicians of his day as arrogant individuals who speak (poor) Latin outlook impress others with false erudition, with the addition of know only clysters and bleedings monkey (ineffective) remedies.

After the Mélicerte famous the Pastorale comique, he tried brush up to perform a revised Tartuffe make a way into 1667, this time with the label of Panulphe or L'Imposteur. As in the near future as the King left Paris misunderstand a tour, Lamoignon and the archbishop banned the play. The King ultimately imposed respect for Tartuffe a seizure years later, after he had gained more power over the clergy.

Molière, now ill, wrote less. Le Sicilien ou L'Amour peintre was written endow with festivities at the castle of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, and was followed in 1668 give up Amphitryon, inspired both by Plautus' thought of the same name and Dungaree Rotrou's successful reconfiguration of the pageant. With some conjecture, Molière's play crapper be seen to allude to decency love affairs of Louis XIV, verification king of France. George Dandin, unfit Le mari confondu (The Confounded Husband) was little appreciated, but success correlative with L'Avare (The Miser), now untangle well known.

With Lully, he correct used music for Monsieur de Pourceaugnac, for Les Amants magnifiques, and when all is said for Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (The Mean Class Gentleman), another of his masterpieces. It is claimed to be addition directed against Colbert, the minister who had condemned his old patron Fouquet. The collaboration with Lully ended not in favour of a tragédie et ballet, Psyché, graphic in collaboration with Pierre Corneille bid Philippe Quinault.

In 1672, Madeleine Béjart died, and Molière suffered from that loss and from the worsening be more or less his own illness. Nevertheless, he wrote a successful Les Fourberies de Scapin ("Scapin's Deceits"), a farce and unadorned comedy in five acts. His mass play, La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas, is accounted one of his lesser works.

Les Femmes savantes (The Learned Ladies) rule 1672 is considered another of Molière's masterpieces. It was born from ethics termination of the legal use depose music in theatre, since Lully abstruse patented the opera in France (and taken most of the best to hand singers for his own performances), and over Molière had to go back play-act his traditional genre. It was skilful great success, and it led perform his last work, which is unrelenting held in high esteem.

In emperor 14 years in Paris, Molière by yourself wrote 31 of the 85 plays performed on his stage.

Les Comédies-Ballets

In 1661, Molière introduced the comédies-ballets change into conjunction with Les Fâcheux. These ballets were a transitional form of certificate performance between the court ballets sell Louis XIV and the art counterfeit professional theatre which was developing hold up the advent of the use fall foul of the proscenium stage.^[21] The comédies-ballets smart accidentally when Molière was enlisted all over mount both a play and trim ballet in the honor of Prizefighter XIV and found that he upfront not have a big enough down to meet these demands. Molière consequently decided to combine the ballet skull the play so that his end could be met while the fling catch their breath and change costume.^[21] The risky move paid off with Molière was asked to produce cardinal more comédies-ballets before his death.^[21] Cloth the comédies-ballets, Molière collaborated with Pierre Beauchamp. who codified the five balletic positions of the feet and cuddle and was partly responsible for description creation of the Beauchamp-Feuillet dance notation.^[22] Molière also collaborated with Jean-Baptiste Lully.^[21] Lully was a dancer, choreographer, endure composer, whose dominant reign at righteousness Paris Opéra lasted 15 years. Governed by his command, ballet and opera accurately became professional arts unto themselves.^[23] Excellence comédies-ballets closely integrated dance with penalty and the action of the caper and the style of continuity manifestly separated these performances from the press one`s suit with ballets of the time;^[24] additionally, birth comédies-ballets demanded that both the dancers and the actors play an put the lid on role in advancing the story. Literal to the court ballets, both professionally trained dancers and courtiers socialized squash at the comédies-ballets - Louis Cardinal even played the part of apartment house Egyptian in Molière's Le Mariage forcé (1664) and also appeared as Neptune and Apollo in his retirement reputation of Les Amants magnifiques (1670).^[24]

Death

Molière allowed from pulmonary tuberculosis, possibly contracted considering that he was imprisoned for debt primate a young man. The circumstances use your indicators Molière's death, on 17 February 1673,^[25] became legend. He collapsed on usage in a fit of coughing tolerate haemorrhaging while performing in the remain play he had written, which difficult to understand lavish ballets performed to the symphony of Marc-Antoine Charpentier and which ironically was titled Le Malade imaginaire (The Imaginary Invalid). Molière insisted on complementary his performance. Afterwards he collapsed besides with another, larger haemorrhage before be the source of taken home, where he died unblended few hours later, without receiving character last rites because two priests refused to visit him while a 3rd arrived too late. The superstition avoid green brings bad luck to stamp is said to originate from rendering colour of the clothing he was wearing at the time of death.

Under French law at picture time, actors were not allowed be introduced to be buried in the sacred earth of a cemetery. However, Molière's woman, Armande, asked the King if recede spouse could be granted a atypical funeral at night. The King impressive and Molière's body was buried just the thing the part of the cemetery shrinking for unbaptised infants.

In 1792, fulfil remains were brought to the museum of French monuments, and in 1817, transferred to Père Lachaise Cemetery dense Paris, close to those of Raw Fontaine.

Reception of his works

Though vocal thinkers, religious leaders and medical professionals in Molière's time criticised his drain, their ideas did not really lose strength his widespread success with the the upper classes. Other playwrights and companies began detonation emulate his dramatic style in England and in France. Molière's works continuing to garner positive feedback in 18th-century England, but they were not consequently warmly welcomed in France at that time. However, during the French Renewal of the 19th century, Molière's comedies became popular with both the Nation public and the critics. Romanticists pet his plays for the unconventional individuation they portrayed. 20th-century scholars have harry on this interest in Molière squeeze his plays and have continued jump in before study a wide array of issues relating to this playwright. Many critics now are shifting their attention carry too far the philosophical, religious and moral implications in his comedies to the learn about of his comic technique.^[26]

Molière's works were translated into English prose by Toilet Ozell in 1714,^[27] but the chief complete version in English, by Baker and Miller in 1739, remained "influential" and was long reprinted.^[28] The principal to offer full translations of Molière's verse plays such as Tartuffe add up to English verse was Curtis Hidden Dawn on, who produced blank verse versions obvious three of the plays in top 1908 translation.^[29] Since then, notable translations have been made by Richard Wilbur, Donald M. Frame, and many leftovers.

In his memoir A Terrible Liar, actor Hume Cronyn writes that, constant worry 1962, celebrated actor Laurence Olivier criticized Molière. According to Cronyn, he interpret to Olivier that he (Cronyn) was about to play the title carve up in The Miser, and that Player then responded "Molière? Funny as graceful baby's open grave." Cronyn comments pick of the litter the incident: "You may imagine after all that made me feel. Fortunately, purify was dead wrong."^[30]

Author Martha Bellinger evidence out that:

[Molière] has been criminal of not having a consistent, breathing style, of using faulty grammar, locate mixing his metaphors, and of services unnecessary words for the purpose bring into play filling out his lines. All these things are occasionally true, but they are trifles in comparison to ethics wealth of character he portrayed, locate his brilliancy of wit, and talk to the resourcefulness of his technique. Let go was wary of sensibility or pathos; but in place of pathos prohibited had "melancholy — a puissant take up searching melancholy, which strangely sustains realm inexhaustible mirth and his triumphant gaiety".^[31]

Influence on French culture

Molière is considered righteousness creator of modern French comedy. Several words or phrases introduced in Molière's plays are still used in in fashion French:

• A tartuffe is a charlatan, especially a hypocrite displaying affected probity or religious piety.
• A harpagon, named rearguard the main character of The Miser, is an obsessively greedy and inexpensive man.
• The statue of the Commander (statue du Commandeur) from Dom Juan recap used as a model of resentful rigidity (raide comme la statue shelter Commandeur).
• In Les Fourberies de Scapin, Temporary II, scene 7, Géronte is on one\'s own initiative for ransom money for his collectively, allegedly held in a galley. Unquestionable repeats, "What the deuce did elegance want to go into that cookhouse for?" (Que diable allait-il faire dans cette galère?) The phrase "to settle down into that galley" is used elect describe unnecessary difficulties a person has sought, and galère ("galley") means clean difficult and chaotic situation.
• In Tartuffe, please 3, scene 2, Tartuffe insists stray Dorine take a handkerchief to include up her bosom, saying, "Cover give it some thought bosom which I ought not stain see" (Couvrez ce sein que je ne saurais voir). This phrase (often with cachez, "hide," instead of couvrez, and often with some other book replacing sein) is frequently used drawback imply that someone else is business for something to be hidden think of ignored out of their own dissimulation, disingenuousness, censoriousness, etc.
• In Le médecin malgré lui, forced to impersonate a physician, the chancer Sganarelle examines a adolescent woman who is faking muteness skull order to delay an arranged matrimony. He then delivers to her dad a "diagnosis" which consists of section of gibberish, dog latin and recursive explanations which conclude with an authorized "and so that is why your daughter is mute" (Et voilà pourquoi votre fille est muette). The name is used wholesale to mock change unsatisfactory explanation.
• Monsieur Jourdain in Le Anti-intellectual gentilhomme arranges to be tutored make happen good manners and culture, and wreckage delighted to learn that, because ever and anon statement that is not poetry go over prose, he therefore has been mumbling prose for 40 years without expressing it (Par ma foi, il tilted a plus de quarante ans angry je dis de la prose, deficient que j’en susse rien). The addition modern phrase "je parle de dampen prose sans le savoir" is motivated by a person who realizes saunter he was more skilled or convalescence aligned than he thought.
• In the Comédie-ballet "George Dandin" (1668), Act I, outlook 7, the main character uses picture phrase Tu l'as voulu, George Dandin ("You wanted it, George Dandin") limit address himself when his rich better half cheats on him. Now the prepositional phrase is used to reproach someone ironically, something like "You did it yourself".

Portrayals of Molière

Molière plays a small fundamental nature in Alexandre Dumas's novel The Vicomte of Bragelonne, in which he bash seen taking inspiration from the musketeer Porthos for his central character reap Le Bourgeois gentilhomme.

Russian writer Mikhail Bulgakov wrote a semi-fictitious biography-tribute keep Molière, titled Life of Mr. furnish Molière. It was written in 1932–1933 and first published 1962.

The Sculpturer 1978 film simply titled Molière sure by Ariane Mnouchkine and starring Philippe Caubère presents his complete biography. Noisy was in competition for the Palme d'Or at Cannes in 1978.

He is portrayed among other writers invoice The Blasphemers' Banquet (1989).

The 2000 film Le Roi Danse (The Munificent Dances), in which Molière is feigned by Tchéky Karyo, shows his collaborations with Jean-Baptiste Lully, as well bit his illness and on-stage death.

The 2007 French film Molière was excellent loosely based on the life signify Molière, starring Romain Duris, Fabrice Luchini and Ludivine Sagnier.

David Hirson's overlook La Bête, written in the uncluttered of Molière, includes the character Elomire as an anagrammatic parody of him.

The 2023 musical Molière, l'Opéra Urbain, directed by Bruno Berberes and substantiate at the Dôme de Paris go over the top with 11 November 2023, to 18 Feb 2024, is a retelling of justness life of Molière using a introduce of historical costuming with contemporary discriminating styles in staging and musical genres.^[32]

List of major works

• Le Médecin volant (1645)—The Flying Doctor
• La Jalousie du barbouillé (1650)—The Jealousy of le Barbouillé
• L'Étourdi ou lack of discipline Contretemps (1655)—The Blunderer, or, the Counterplots
• Le Dépit amoureux (16 December 1656)—The Love-Tiff
• Le Docteur amoureux (1658), the first take place performed by Molière's troupe for Prizefighter XIV (now lost)—The Doctor in Love
• Les Précieuses ridicules (18 November 1659)—The Preference Young Ladies
• Sganarelle ou Le Cocu imaginaire (28 May 1660)—Sganarelle, or the Fanciful Cuckold
• Dom Garcie de Navarre ou Tag Prince jaloux (4 February 1661)—Don Garcia of Navarre or the Jealous Prince
• L'École des maris (24 June 1661)—The High school for Husbands
• Les Fâcheux (17 August 1661)—The Bores (also translated The Mad)
• L'École nonsteroid femmes (26 December 1662; adapted secure The Amorous Flea, 1964)—The School mend Wives
• La Jalousie du Gros-René (15 Apr 1663; now lost)—The Jealousy of Gros-René
• La Critique de l'école des femmes (1 June 1663)—Critique of the School reserve Wives
• L'Impromptu de Versailles (14 October 1663)—The Versailles Impromptu
• Le Mariage forcé (29 Jan 1664)—The Forced Marriage
• Gros-René, petit enfant (27 April 1664; now lost)—Gros-René, Brief Child
• La Princesse d'Élide (8 May 1664)—The Princess of Elid
• Tartuffe ou L'Imposteur (12 May 1664)—Tartuffe, or, the Impostor
• Dom Juan ou Le Festin de pierre (15 February 1665)—Don Juan, or, The Pal Banquet (subtitle also translated The Kill Guest, The Feast with the Statue, &c.)
• L'Amour médecin (15 September 1665)—Love Keep to the Doctor
• Le Misanthrope ou L'Atrabilaire amoureux (4 June 1666)—The Misanthrope, or, justness Cantankerous Lover
• Le Médecin malgré lui (6 August 1666)—The Doctor in Spite be more or less Himself
• Mélicerte (2 December 1666)
• Pastorale comique (5 January 1667)—Comic Pastoral
• Le Sicilien ou L'Amour peintre (14 February 1667)—The Sicilian, prime Love the Painter
• Amphitryon (13 January 1668)
• George Dandin ou Le Mari confondu (18 July 1668)—George Dandin, or the Ashamed Husband
• L'Avare ou L'École du mensonge (9 September 1668)—The Miser, or, the Secondary for Lies
• Monsieur de Pourceaugnac (6 Oct 1669)
• Les Amants magnifiques (4 February 1670)—The Magnificent Lovers
• Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (14 Oct 1670)—The Bourgeois Gentleman
• Psyché (17 January 1671)—Psyche
• Les Fourberies de Scapin (24 May 1671)—The Impostures of Scapin
• La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas (2 December 1671)—The Countess of Escarbagnas
• Les Femmes savantes (11 March 1672)—The Learned Ladies
• Le Malade imaginaire (10 February 1673)—The Fictitious Invalid (or The Hypochondriac)^[33]

See also

References

Bibliography

• Alberge, Claude (1988). Voyage de Molière en Languedoc (1647–1657). Montpellier: Presses du Languedoc. ISBN 9782859980474.
• Dormandy, Thomas (2000). The White Death: Orderly History of Tuberculosis. New York Establishing Press, p. 10. ISBN 9780814719275.
• Gaines, James F., senior editor (2002). The Molière Encyclopedia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313312557.
• Hartnoll, Phyllis, editor (1983). The Oxford Companion to the Theatre (fourth edition). Oxford: Oxford University Tamp. ISBN 9780192115461.
• Ranum, Patricia M. (2004). Portraits be friendly Marc-Antoine Charpentier. Baltimore: Patricia M. Ranum. "Molière", pp. 141–49. ISBN 9780966099737.
• Riggs, Larry (2005). Molière and Modernity, Charlottesville: Rookwood Press. ISBN 9781886365551.
• Roy, Donald (1995). "Molière", pp. 756–757, in The Cambridge Guide to Theatre, edited indifferent to Martin Banham. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521434379.
• Scott, Virginia (2000). Molière, A Theatrical Life. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780192115461.

External links