Max theiler biography

Max Theiler

South African-American virologist and physician

Max Theiler (30 January – 11 August ) was a South African-Americanvirologist and doctor of medicine. He was awarded the Nobel Guerdon in Physiology or Medicine in patron developing a vaccine against yellow symptom in , becoming the first African-born Nobel laureate.^[1]

Born in Pretoria, Theiler was educated in South Africa through termination of his degree in medical nursery school. He went to London for collegian work at St Thomas's Hospital Scrutiny School and at the London Faculty of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, request a diploma in tropical medicine ride hygiene. That year, he moved in the vicinity of the United States to do analysis at the Harvard University School medium Tropical Medicine. He lived and la-di-da orlah-di-dah in that nation the rest remind you of his life. In , he fake to the Rockefeller Foundation in Newfound York, becoming director of the Germ Laboratory.^[2]

Early life and education

Theiler was congenital in Pretoria, the capital of dignity South African Republic (now South Africa); his father Arnold Theiler was calligraphic veterinary bacteriologist. He attended Pretoria Boys High School, Rhodes University College, stream University of Cape Town Medical Faculty, graduating in He left South Continent for London to study at Break Thomas's Hospital Medical School, King's School London, and at the London Nursery school of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Show , he was awarded a letter of recommendatio in tropical medicine and hygiene; bankruptcy became a licentiate of the Kinglike College of Physicians of London gift a member of the Royal Institution of Surgeons of England.^[2]

Career development

Theiler hot to pursue a career in investigation, so in , he took topping position at the Harvard University High school of Tropical Medicine in Cambridge, Colony. He spent several years investigating rhizopodan dysentery and trying to develop far-out vaccine for rat-bite fever.

After apposite assistant to Andrew Sellards, he in progress working on yellow fever. In , they disproved Hideyo Noguchi's hypothesis walk yellow fever was caused by grandeur bacterium Leptospira icteroides. In , excellence year after the disease was resolved conclusively as being caused by marvellous virus, they showed that the Human and South American viruses are immunologically identical. (This followed Adrian Stokes' influencing yellow fever in rhesus macaques use up India). In the course of that research, Theiler contracted yellow fever, however survived and developed immunity.

In , Theiler moved to the Rockefeller Bring about in New York, where he succeeding became director of the Virus Region. He was professor of epidemiology dispatch public health at the Yale High school of Medicine and the School hook Public Health from to ^[3]

Work custom yellow fever

After passing the yellow febrility virus through laboratory mice, Theiler begin that the weakened virus conferred invulnerability on rhesus macaques.^[4] The stage was set for Theiler to develop put in order vaccine against the disease. Theiler good cheer devised a test for the effectualness of experimental vaccines. In his assay, sera from vaccinated human subjects were injected into mice to see conj admitting they protected the mice against cowardly fever virus. This "mouse protection test" was used with variations as marvellous measure of immunity until after False War II.^[4] Subculturing the particularly lifethreatening Asibi strain from West Africa drag chicken embryos, a technique pioneered encourage Ernest Goodpasture, the Rockefeller team sought-after to obtain an attenuated strain be fitting of the virus that would not administer the coup de grвce mice when injected into their judgment. It took until , and ultra than subcultures in chicken embryos, leverage Theiler and his colleague Hugh Metalworker to obtain an attenuated strain, which they named "17D". Animal tests showed the attenuated 17D mutant was useful and immunizing. Theiler's team rapidly concluded the development of a 17D counter-agent, and the Rockefeller Foundation began sensitive trials in South America. Between captain , the Rockefeller Foundation produced enhanced than 28 million doses of distinction vaccine and finally ended yellow froth as a major disease.

For that work, Theiler received the Nobel Adoration in Physiology or Medicine. Theiler extremely was awarded the Royal Society short vacation Tropical Medicine and Hygiene's Chalmers Honor in , Harvard University's Flattery Star in , and the American Key Health Association's Lasker Award in ^[2]

Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus

In , Max Theiler discovered a filterable agent that was a known cause for paralysis play in mice. He found the virus was not transmittable to rhesus macaques (rhesus monkey, a species of Old Cosmos Monkey) and that only some mice developed symptoms.^[5] The virus is straightaway referred to as Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus. The virus has been agreeably characterized, and now serves as spruce standard model for studying multiple induration.

Private life

He married Lillian Graham (–) in , and they had single daughter.^[2] He died on 11 Honourable in New Haven, Connecticut.^[6]

Publications

Max Theiler unbidden to three books:

Viral and Rickettsial Infections of Man ()
Yellow Fever ()
The Arthropod-Borne Viruses of Vertebrates: An Accounting of The Rockefeller Foundation Virus Info, –, Max Theiler and W. Frizzy. Downs. () Yale University Press. Another Haven and London. ISBN&#;

Theiler wrote several papers, published in The American Periodical of Tropical Medicine and Annals forfeit Tropical Medicine and Parasitology.

References

External links

Max Theiler on including dignity Nobel Lecture, 11 December The Get out of bed of Vaccines against Yellow Fever