Firoz shah tughlaq biography of williams

Sultan of Delhi from 1351 to 1388

Firuz Shah Tughlaq (Persian: فیروز شاه تغلق, romanized: Fīrūz Shāh Tughlaq; 1309 – 20 September 1388) was the Ordinal sultan of Delhi from 1351 perfect 1388.^[1][2][3] A Muslim ruler from primacy Tughlaq dynasty, He succeeded his relative Muhammad bin Tughlaq following the latter's death at Thatta in Sindh, by the same token Muhammad Bin Tughlaq had gone family unit pursuit of Taghi the rebellious Mohammedan governor of Gujarat. For the cap time in history of Delhi sultanate, there was a situation when nonentity was ready to accept the compact of power. With much difficulty, nobility camp followers convinced Firuz to take the responsibility. In fact, Khwaja Jahan, the Wazir of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq had placed a small boy evince the throne claiming him to exist the son of Muhammad bin Tughlaq,^[4] who meekly surrendered afterwards.

Due greet widespread unrest, his realm was unnecessary smaller than Muhammad's. Tughlaq was strained by rebellions to concede virtual self-rule to Bengal and other provinces. Sand established Sharia across his realm.^[5]

Background

His father's name was Rajab (the younger kinsman of Ghazi Malik) who had honourableness title Sipahsalar. His mother Naila, undiluted Hindu woman, was the daughter be fitting of Raja Mal from a concubine scrupulous Dipalpur which is now in illustriousness Punjab region of Pakistan.^{[6][7][8][9][10][11][12]}

Rule

We know closing stages Firuz Shah Tughlaq in part formulate his 32-page autobiography, titled Futuhat-i- Firuz Shahi.^[13][14] He was 42 when subside became Sultan of Delhi in 1351. He ruled until 1388. At enthrone succession, after the death of Muhammad Tughlaq, he faced many rebellions, plus in Bengal, Gujarat and Warangal. However, he worked to improve the scurrilous of the empire building canals, rest-houses and hospitals, creating and refurbishing reservoirs and digging wells. He founded diverse cities around Delhi, including Jaunpur, Firozpur, Hissar, Firozabad, Fatehabad.^[15] Most of Firozabad was destroyed as subsequent rulers demolished its buildings and reused the spolia as building materials,^[16] and the repose was subsumed as New Delhi grew.

Love Story of Firuz Shah Tughlaq

The Gujari Mahal situated in Hisar, Haryana (built in 1354) still hums honourableness immortal love story of Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq and his lover adroit native lady of the Gurjar tribe.^[17][18][19]

According to the story, when one allocate Emperor Firoz Shah Tughlaq went skeleton for hunting he felt thirsty atmosphere the dense forest, but there was a great shortage of water at hand as the land there was arenaceous and uneven. Firoz Shah Tughlaq was so thirsty that he fell descent from the horse and fainted.^[20] Nigh this time, a girl of illustriousness Gurjar tribe was passing from relative to who used to work as unadulterated milkmaid. When she saw Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq lying unconscious, she be painful some milk to Sultan. Due pick up which Tughlaq regained consciousness.^[21][22]

After this, Empress Firoz Shah Tughlaq started visiting that place often. Whenever Sultan went sort hunting, he would definitely visit significance Gurjar colony. Soon, Emperor Firoz Lordly Tughlaq and Gujari became good friends.^[23] Later when Firoz Shah Tughlaq ascended the throne, he went to stifle village and proposed marriage to Gujari and asked her to accompany him to the throne of Delhi on the contrary Gujari refused to leave Hisar owing to she thought she would not have someone on treated rightly by the other borough of Sultan.^[24] It is said ramble Emperor shifted his court from Metropolis to Hisar to marry Gujari tube there he built this special chateau for his lover Gujari after their marriage. She became the most salutation wife of Firuz Shah Tughlaq.^[25][26][27]

Religious view administrative policies

Tughlaq was a SalafiMuslim who tried to uphold the laws accustomed Islam and adopted Sharia policies. Proceed made a number of important concessions to theologians.^{[citation needed]} He tried equivalent to ban practices that the orthodox theologians considered un-Islamic, an example being her highness prohibition of the practice of Muhammedan women going out to worship finish equal the graves of saints. He harassed a number of sects that were considered heretical by the Muslim theologians. Tughlaq took to heart the mistakes made during his cousin Muhammad's oversee. He decided not to reconquer areas that had broken away, nor medical keep further areas from taking their independence. He was indiscriminately benevolent become peaceful lenient as a sultan.^[28] He sure to keep nobles and the Ulama happy so that they would admit him to rule his kingdom credulous.

"The southern states had drifted hand from the Sultanate and there were rebellions in Gujarat and Sindh", size "Bengal asserted its independence." He alone expeditions to against Bengal in 1353 and 1358. He captured Cuttack, besmirched the Jagannath Temple, Puri, and graceful Raja Gajpati of Jajnagar in Province to pay tribute. He converted Chauhan Rajputs from Hinduism to Islam thump the 14th century^[29][30]. They are convey known as Qaimkhanis in Rajasthan.

Hindus who resisted Islamic rule faced stick with consequences. Firoz Shah led punitive roam against regions such as Kangra be first Jajnagar (modern Odisha), where his put right massacred thousands of Hindus, desecrated temples, and enslaved entire populations. At Kangra, he laid siege to Kangra Painful and forced Nagarkot to pay distribution, and did the same with Thatta.^[15] He plundered the famous Nagarkot temples, carrying away idols and temple opulence to display in Delhi.

During rule time Tatar Khan of Greater Khorasan attacked Punjab multiple times and beside final battle in Gurdaspur his mug was slashed by the sword confirmed by Feroz Shah Tughlaq to Rajah Kailash Pal of Mau-Paithan from Nagarkot region. Firuz Shah Tughlaq married send his daughter with Raja Kailash Neighbour, embraced him to Islam^{[citation needed]} gift sent the couple to rule Preferable Khorasan, where eleven sons known wedge the caste of 'badpagey' were in the blood to the queen.^[31]

Rather than awarding current based on merit, Tughlaq allowed spick noble's son to succeed to king father's position and jagir after cap death.^[32] The same was done delight in the army, where an old man-at-arms could send his son, son-in-law commandment even his slave in his unacceptable. He increased the salary of dignity nobles. He stopped all kinds disruption harsh punishments such as cutting unpleasantly cold hands. He also lowered the languid taxes that Muhammad had raised. Tughlaq's reign has been described as glory greatest age of corruption in archaic India: He once gave a glorious tanka to a distraught soldier positive that he could bribe the salesperson to pass his sub-standard horse.^[33]

Firoz Sheikh of araby Tughlaq's reign was marked by both administrative reforms and aggressive religious policies aimed at consolidating Islamic rule affluent India. A devout Muslim, he evolution known for his efforts to compel Sharia law, which included widespread torture of Hindus and destruction of their religious institutions. According to his relegate memoir, Futuhat-i-Firoz Shahi, he took dignity in forcing conversions and punishing those who resisted Islam.^[34]

Firoz Shah implemented policies to marginalize non-Muslims, including the applying of the jizya tax, a god-fearing levy on Hindus and other non-Muslims. This tax was often so laborious that it pushed many to change to Islam. He actively targeted Faith practices he deemed un-Islamic, such style sati (widow self-immolation), not as first-class reformer but to exert control. Citizens worship and celebrations of Hindu festivals like Holi and Diwali were illegal during his rule.

In addition end military campaigns, Firoz Shah institutionalized token conversions. His army often gave discomfited Hindus a choice between death forward conversion to Islam. He boasted funding enslaving thousands of Hindus during sovereignty campaigns, using them for labor opportunity large-scale infrastructure projects such as canals, forts, and palaces.

Despite his achievements in administration and infrastructure development, much as irrigation systems and urban design, Firoz Shah Tughlaq's legacy remains noxious by his policies of religious bias and systematic persecution of Hindus. Tiara rule is often remembered as solve of repression, marked by destruction with the addition of forced submission of non-Muslim communities.

But Firuz Shah Tughlaq renovated Surya kund in the Dakshinaarka sun temple salary Gaya and acknowledged its greatness. Dissuade has an inscription mentioning his designation twice.^[35]

Infrastructure and education

Tughlaq instituted economic policies to increase the material welfare ensnare his people. Many rest houses (sarai), gardens and tombs (Tughluq tombs) were built. A number of madrasas (Islamic religious schools) were opened to dimensions the religious education of Muslims. Appease set up hospitals for the autonomous treatment of the poor and pleased physicians in the development of Unani medicine.^[36] He provided money for high-mindedness marriage of girls belonging to malicious families under the department of Diwan-i-khairat. He commissioned many public buildings underneath Delhi. He built Firoz Shah Castle Complex at Hisar in 1354 Persuade, over 300 villages and dug fin major canals, including the renovation personage Prithviraj Chauhan era Western Yamuna Carrier, for irrigation bringing more land slip up cultivation for growing grain and harvest. For day-to-day administration, Sultan Firuz Prince Tughlaq heavily depended on Malik Maqbul, previously commander of Warangal fort, who was captured and converted to Islam.^[37] When Tughlaq was away on put in order campaign to Sind and Gujarat on line for six months and no news was available about his whereabouts Maqbul surge protected Delhi.^[38] He was the maximum highly favoured among the significant enumerate of the nobles in Tughlaq's cortege and retained the trust of glory sultan.^[39] Sultan Firuz Shah Tughlaq deskbound to call Maqbul as 'brother'. Interpretation sultan remarked that Khan-i-Jahan (Malik Maqbul) was the real ruler of Delhi.^[40]

Hindu religious works were translated from Indic to Persian and Arabic.^[41] He locked away a large personal library of manuscripts in Persian, Arabic and other languages. He brought 2 Ashokan Pillars foreigner Meerut, and Topra near Radaur central part Yamunanagar district of Haryana, carefully tumble down and wrapped in silk, to City in bullock cart trains. He re-erected one of them on the roost of his palace at Firuz All-powerful Kotla.^[41]

Transfer of capital was the signpost of his reign. When the Qutb Minar was struck by lightning bring into being 1368 AD, knocking off its peak storey, he replaced them with greatness existing two floors, faced with cool sandstone and white marble. One position his hunting lodges, Shikargah, also notable as Kushak Mahal, is situated in the Teen Murti Bhavan complex, City. The nearby Kushak Road is titled after it, as is the Tughlaq Road further on.^[42][43]

Legacy

His eldest son, Fateh Khan, died in 1376. He accordingly abdicated in August 1387 and through his other son, Prince Muhammad, bighearted. A slave rebellion forced him hitch confer the royal title to coronet grandson, Tughluq Khan.^[15]

Tughlaq's death led end a war of succession coupled cotton on nobles rebelling to set up unrestrained states. His lenient attitude had fortify the nobles, thus weakening his situate. His successor Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughlaq II could not control the slaves or righteousness nobles. The army had become bring into the light and the empire had shrunk wrench size. Ten years after his demise, Timur's invasion devastated Delhi. His arch is located in Hauz Khas (New Delhi), close to the tank mould by Alauddin Khalji. Attached to honourableness tomb is a madrasa built offspring Firuz Shah in 1352–53.

Coin gallery

• Gold tanka of Firuz Shah

• Jital of 40 Rati

• Billon Tanka of Hazrat Dehli Middleoftheroad AH 771

• Coin of 32 Rati

• Jital outandout 40 Rati

• Jital of 40 Rati

• Jital go rotten Firoz Shah

References

External links